Assuming domain name of www.abc.com or IP address of 111.222.333.444:

1. Domain name can be converted to IP address or vice versa by going to http://www.all-nettools.com/toolbox (NsLookup or Traceroute), http://www.opus1.com/www/traceroute.html or http://centralops.net/co/DomainDossier.aspx
2. Get detailed information at http://www.whois.sc
3. Go to Google and enter search term info:www.abc.com
4. Go to www.abc.com and click on "About Us", "Contact Us", "Site Map", etc. Also, read the page source (click View, then Source or Page Source)
5. Go to http://centralops.net/co/DomainDossier.aspx, click all boxes, and enter www.abc.com or 111.222.333.444 to get names, addresses, traceroute, etc. (rtt > 500 means satellite)
6. Get mail server and other information by going to http://www.checkdns.net/quickcheck.aspx and entering www.abc.com (all IP addresses can be researched using previous steps)
7. Get autonomous system number (ASN) by entering 111.222.333.444 at http://www.dnsstuff.com/pages/testbed.htm
8. Get information about the ASN by entering it at http://www.enc.com.au/itools/aut-num.php
9. Get traceroute geographical information by entering www.abc.com or 111.222.333.444 at http://www.internetipaddress.com/traceroute.aspx (hostname codes and IP ranges located at http://www.sarangworld.com/TRACEROUTE/showdb-2.php3)
10. Geolocate 111.222.333.444 at http://www.location.com.my/free.asp or http://www.internetipaddress.com/ip2location.aspx